Peaces different shades for a common duty

Inhalt

1.Introduction

2. Body –Contents:
2.1 Conflict is a Human Natural Condition:
2.2 Human Being instincts
2.3 Social Environment:
2.4 Positive and Negative Feedback Loops:
2.5 Negative Feedback Loops: Stability and Stagnation:
2.6 Positive Feedback Loops and “neutral” variables:
2.7 Vicious Cycle and the Group Level Reason of War:
2.8. Virtuous Cycle and Group Level Reason of Peaces:

3 Conclusions:

Bibliography:

1.Introduction

This search has been planned according to the following scheme:

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The point of starting this paper is the affirmation of Macharia Munene :“[…],however, is that conflicts are natural and that the distinction is that some conflicts are positive and other are negative.”(Macharia Munene,(Unpublished):2).

From this point of view we can consider that also for each Human Being the Conflict is a natural condition that is in birth in each Human Being. If we follow this logic we are now able to catalyze our attention on the human being. So, we have to consider in each human being that there are some different instinct, Sigmund Freud concentrate these instincts in two main categories Thanatos or the death instinct, and Eros, the life instinct (Barash,D.P. Webel, C.P. 2002:125).At the same time the environment where each human being lives in could be more or less violent or more or less peaceful, it depends on different aspects (culture, religion, history, traditions etc..). The relationship, between human beings (with their behavior and their instincts) and the environment which is around the subject, can essentially turn out into four different outputs^[1].In order to analyze these four main outputs we have to consider the concepts developed by Fischer D. of Positive and Negative feedback loops. Trough these two concepts we can observe how the interactions between a human being and its own environment are going to create four different outputs that can be assemble in two categories: Negative Feedback Loops and Positive Feedback Loops. On one hand “In a Negative Feedback Loop, a trend gives rise to counter-forces which hold it in check” (Fischer,D.2007:189) on the other hand “In a Positive Feedback Loop, a trend gives rise to forces which increase the trend” (Fischer,D,2007:189)

After having explained on which axles the human instinct and the environment that it surrounds the subject stir we can now observe that there are a lot of combinations between human being instinct and environment. Each combination is different because the human beings and the environments where these live are different too. From this point we will go to analyze the four extreme of these combinations remembering that however that these –combinations- are only useful for logical reconstructions to understand some more complex realities. The four extreme combination instinct-environment are:

1) Thanatos instinct and Peaceful environment 2) Eros instinct and Violent environment

3) Thanatos instinct and Violent environment 4) Eros instinct and Peaceful environment.

Before speaking about these relationship between instinct and environment we will analyze what it means Violent and Peaceful environment. We will make this trough some examples where environment can be more or less pacific or violent. The selected examples are chosen from different fields because, as the culture of the peace is interdisciplinary also the violence can be perpetrated in different ways in different situations( cultures of violence). Then we will see how in the same subject there can be these two different approaches. At the end we will go to analyze two positive feedback loops that can lead to situations of War or Peace. Then we will go to observe, after having started from the human being, the reasons for the war to the group level, and then pass to analyze the dynamics to reach peaces^[2] in the civil society level.

2. Body –Contents

2.1 Conflict is a Human Natural Condition:

Very often the term conflict in our societies is assumed as negative characteristics and it takes the same meaning of war. But if we look at the true meaning of the word conflict, it means:“2.a situation in which is difficult for two things to exist together or to be true at the same time” (Macmillan English Dictionary,2002:290).

While war means :“1[U]fighting between two or more countries, that involves the use of armed forces and usually continues for a long time.” (Macmillan English Dictionary,2002)

The Passage from conflict to war is very marked because this last word implicates the use of different forms of violence, it is necessary to remember that the conflict can assume two connotations; the positive and the negative, main point to say that this word – conflict - initially has a neutral meaning. Without realizing in our daily life we continually find ourselves absorbed into situations of conflict. These situations come out from the comparison among ideas, cultures, religions, and styles of life that differ between them, and each of them has its rights to exist.

Considering to individual level that every person is the result of a personal growth that springs from the comparisons and therefore from the conflicts with other members of the society or other societies and that to social level, our actual situation has been springing for centuries of conflicts that have allowed us to reach this discussion, we can agree with the affirmation of Macharia Munene who says:

““[…],however, is that conflicts are natural and that the distinction is that

some conflicts are positive and other are negative.[…].The level of success

in managing particular conflicts determines the amount of type of

peace in a place or at the international level.”

(Macharia Munene,(Unpublished):2)

[...]

^[1] This is a personal interpretation of the Sigmund Freud Theory on the role of unconscious in human behavior and the article of Dietrich Fisher:”Peace as a self-regulating process”(D.Fisher,2007)

^[2] Concept take from Martinez Guzman,V. (Unpublished),”Philosophy and Peace Research” p.3